According to your previous post knoppix nodma worked but knoppix26 nodma did not...so stick with the old kernel.
Qtparted is saying there is a recognisable vfat partition on the HD & some free space but fstab cannot make out a detectable file system so you you may have to reformat. But first, try with qtparted to create a partition in the free space. Linux has several partitoning tools...fdisk (which will work almost always but is destructive to existing data), cfdisk (also reliable but destructive to existing data), parted (more reliable than qt parted & attempts to be non-destructive) & qtparted (gui frontend to parted but more limited capabilities & attempts to be non-destructive). All but qtparted are command line tools, you have to be root & the partition being worked on can not be in use or even mounted at the time.
I have also found that the command line is more reliable than the desktop icons for mounting & changing to read/write mode. Again you must be root, 'sudo mount -rw /dev/hdaX' will mount hdaX in accordance with fstab listing for hdaX. If fstab has not got a proper listing for it, 'sudo mount -t vfat /dev/hdaX /mnt/hdaX' will attempt to mount as specified. I suspect none of these will work though, the 'filesystem type' error you are getting indicated that the file system on the HD is probably defective & a reformat will be needed.
See also 'man mount' for info on mount command.