I guess not, though are is apt-src repositories, if you add them to your /etc/apt/sources.list you can get them via apt-get sources packagename. There even seems to be some 'gentoo-like' automatic compilation going on. Though files downloaded and created this way are completely non-managed, aka apt-get won't keep a database about them. See the apt-get man page for more info, I never used it it this way.

I think you would be better of getting a Gentoo setup and maybe porting some of the Knoppix stuff to it.