Difference between revisions of "Cheat Codes"
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Look for the public key of Klaus Knopper: | Look for the public key of Klaus Knopper: | ||
− | gpg --keyserver | + | gpg --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net--search-keys "Klaus Knopper" |
You'll get the message: | You'll get the message: | ||
<pre> | <pre> |
Revision as of 09:04, 19 March 2016
Contents
Cheatcodes and hints
from Knoppix CD/DVD
CHEATCODES AND HINTS FOR KNOPPIX V7.6 ============================================================================== (last update: 12.12.2015) These options (can be combined) work from the boot prompt: ### General ### adriane Start blind-friendly, talking desktop debug Debug boot process step-by-step expert Interactive setup for experts knoppix Knoppix w/ 32bit Kernel knoppix64 Knoppix w/ 64bit Kernel knoppix 2 Runlevel 2, Textmode only knoppix init=/bin/bash Start bash as process 1 instead of init ### Language/Country ### knoppix lang=ch|cn|de|da|es|fr|it specify language/keyboard knoppix lang=nl|pl|ru|sk|tr|tw|us specify language/keyboard knoppix keyboard=us xkeyboard=us Use different keyboard (text/X) knoppix utc Use Universal Time [Hint: 1] knoppix tz=Europe/Berlin Use this timezone for TZ [Hint: 9] (default: tz=localtime) ### Hardware/Workarounds ### knoppix ide1=reset Try this if knoppix can't find the CD/DVD drive on old computers [Hint: 4] knoppix no{apic,lapic,acpi,apm} Skip parts of HW-detection (1) knoppix no{hwsetup,udev,dhcp,fstab} Skip parts of HW-detection (2) knoppix no{pcmcia,sound,swap} Skip parts of HW-detection (3) [Hint: 5] knoppix nousb Skip parts of HW-detection (4) knoppix nolapic Disable local APIC (differs from noapic) knoppix noideraid Disable IDE-Raiddisk detection knoppix pnpbios=off No PnP Bios initialization knoppix acpi=off Disable ACPI Bios completely knoppix acpi=noirq Disable ACPI IRC routing only knoppix acpi=force FORCE ACPI Bios initialization knoppix noacpid Do not start ACPI even daemon failsafe Boot with (almost) no HW-detection knoppix pci=irqmask=0x0e98 Try this, if PS/2 mouse doesn't work [Hint: 2] knoppix pci=bios Workaround for bad PCI controllers knoppix ide2=0x180 nopcmcia Boot from PCMCIA-CD-Rom (some notebooks) knoppix mem=512M Specify Memory size in MByte [Hint: 7] knoppix wheelmouse Enable IMPS/2 protocol for wheelmice knoppix nowheelmouse Force plain PS/2 protocol for PS/2-mouse ### Desktop ### knoppix desktop=kde|gnome|icewm Use specified WM instead of LXDE (1) knoppix desktop=fluxbox|openbox Use specified WM instead of LXDE (2) knoppix desktop=larswm|evilwm|twm Use specified WM instead of LXDE (3) knoppix no3d Don't use compiz 3d fuctions knoppix 3d Try compiz even on slow cards w/o dri ### Graphics ### knoppix screen=1280x1024 Use specified Screen resolution for X knoppix hsync=95 Use 95 kHz horizontal X refresh rate knoppix vsync=60 Use 60 Hz vertical refresh rate for X knoppix xmodule=fbdev|vesa|svga Use specified Xorg-Module (1) knoppix xmodule=nouveau|radeon Use specified Xorg-Module (2) knoppix xmodule=intel|vmware|s3 Use specified Xorg-Module (3) knoppix norandr Disable Xorg RandR feature (may be useful if wrong resolution was detected) knoppix noddc Don't query monitor for resoution knoppix nocomposite Don't use Xorg Composite extension knoppix vga=normal No-framebuffer mode, but X knoppix nodrm Don't load graphics acceleration modules knoppix nofb Don't load framebuffer modules knoppix nomodeset Don't use Kernel Mode Settings for X fb1280x1024 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (1) fb1024x768 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (2) fb800x600 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (3) fb640x480 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (4) ### Configuration / Persistent image ### knoppix nonetworkmanager Don't start network manager knoppix toram Copy to RAM and run from there knoppix tohd=/dev/sda1 Copy to Harddisk and run from there knoppix fromhd=/dev/sda1 Boot from previously copied CD-Image knoppix bootfrom=/dev/sda1/KNX.iso Access image, boot from ISO-Image. knoppix knoppix_dir=KNOPPIX Directory to search for on the CD. knoppix knoppix_name=KNOPPIX Cloop-File to search for on the CD. knoppix noswap Don't use existing swap partitions knoppix nozram Don't use zram compressed swap-in-ram knoppix forensic Don't use swap and mount read-only [Hint: 6] knoppix secure Disable root access knoppix mkimage Create persistent image as needed [Hint: 10] knoppix noimage Ignore persistent image or partition ### Knoppix Terminalserver/Client ### knoppix nfsdir=hostip:path Use nfsdir as /mnt-system for TS client knoppix hostname=name Set TS client hostname knoppix hostname=auto-mac Set TS client hostname from MAC address knoppix hostname=auto-clock Set TS client hostname from clock ### Various ### knoppix noeject Do NOT eject CD after halt knoppix noprompt Do NOT prompt to remove the CD knoppix testcd|testdvd Check live medium for defects [Hint: 3] knoppix splash Use splash.ppm in initrd as boot pic knoppix trace create an open() trace in /open.trace ============================================================================== Hint: (1) Using the default DE-bootimage, SYSLINUX boots with german keyboard layout. The '=' letter is located at Shift-0 on this keyboard (just in case you want to change keyboard and language with lang=us). If you need to change the keyboard layout later in X, and can't find a convenient tool in the preferences, use "setxkbmap 'ca(multi)'" in order to set up a new (multi-language canadian, in this example) keyboard layout (2) Try "knoppix pci=irqmask=0x0e98" if (you have an old notebook and) your PS/2 mouse doesn't work, Possibly caused by a BIOS-flaw on your board, BIOS updates can sometimes help. (3) If your KNOPPIX CD produces strange noises during boot, or you see frequent errors like "cloop: read error", or programs on your desktop are crashing randomly, then your CD image is probably defective or incomplete, or your CD-burner created a defective CD due to wrong writing speed or bad media. This is actually the most common error reported. Please boot with "knoppix testcd" to check if the CD or DVD is OK. Installing and starting Knoppix from flash disk is recommended and much faster than running from CD or DVD. (Read also "More explanations" => testcd) (4) In case of a failing hardware autodetection, try booting with any of the "no-" options as shown in the table above, like in knoppix nodrm nomodeset no3d noaudio noapm noapic nolapic acpi=off pci=bios pnpbios=off nodma nopcmcia noscsi nousb ... to skip some critical parts of the autodetection system. (5)(6) The "noswap" and/or "forensic" boot option is useful for a forensic analysis without touching existing swap partitions. (7) Some Boards apparently don't pass the proper memory size to the linux-kernel. It may cause the message "Panic: cannot mount root file system" and the system hangs. Use "knoppix mem=512M" to solve that problem if your system has 512MByte memory for example (caution: you MUST use a capital "M" here). (8) With DVD version 7.4.0 and upward the bootloader will start the 64bit kernel automatically if a 64bit-capable CPU is detected (if not manually specified otherwise). (9) You can only use this cheatcode, if BIOS clock uses UTC. With DVD version 7.4.0 and upward you'll find within '/etc/adjtime' the entry "LOCAL" instead of "UTC" (as in old Knoppix versions). Change this value if you want to use this cheatcode and reboot; now Knoppix uses the value of '/etc/timezone'. You can also check the proper settings with the terminal command "timedatectl status". (10) If Knoppix isn't started in forensic mode and if no persistent image or partition is found, then Knoppix DVD version 7.4.1 and upward only offers the option to create persistent image or partition by this new cheatcode. ============================================================================== Tip: (1) When installing to read/write media, such as flash disks (using flash-knoppix), you can add a swap file in order to replace missing physical RAM by persistent storage space. You can create this swap file like this from the running system: dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt-system/KNOPPIX/knoppix.swp mkswap /mnt-system/KNOPPIX/knoppix.swp swapon /mnt-system/KNOPPIX/knoppix.swp Please be aware that swapping on flash media can be painfully slow, and is no perfect replacement for real RAM. The zram ram-compression feature (available from Knoppix 7.0.1) can extend the usable ram range to a certain degree. (2) If you need additional modules for starting controllers needed at boot time, just copy the corresponding *.ko files from /lib/modules/* over to /modules in the initial ramdisk (remaster needed). (3) If you place an update*.zip or update*tar.gz file on the medium holding the KNOPPIX data, it will be unpacked onto the overlayed filesystem before starting "init", thus allowing quick reconfiguration of the system. (4) The file "knoppix.sh", if residing in the main KNOPPIX directory, will be execuded after autoconfiguration and before starting the graphical desktop. It can be used in order to start additional services. (5) If you wish to remaster the CD, please don't forget to specify -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table \ -b boot/isolinux/isolinux.bin -c boot/isolinux/boot.cat as option to mkisofs. Otherwise your CD or DVD won't be bootable. The directory KNOPPIX, containig the compressed filesystem file "KNOPPIX", must be located in the top level directory of the CD. (6) Caution: X-Screensaver: Don't start xlock or any screensaver that requires a password. There are no default passwords on KNOPPIX, i.e. all accounts are LOCKED unless you explicitly set a password. See also "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR KNOPPIX" (README_Security.txt) about this issue. (7) If you accidentially hit the screensaver button in KDE, switch to one of the textconsoles by Control-Alt-F1 and kill the screensaver (or just set a password for the knoppix user). (8) If you would like to edit your X-Server configuration manually (config file /etc/X11/xorg.conf), use "knoppix 2" to boot into runlevel 2 (textmode only) and, after changing the X configuration, start the X environment with "init 5". Note that you can always leave the graphical environment with "init 2", and restart it later with "init 5".
More explanations
Cheatcodes are used to pass options to KNOPPIX to help with getting it working on difficult hardware. In the initial boot phase you'll see the Knoppix emblem with the little penguin and the commandline at the bottom of the screen. Type your cheatcodes after "boot: " in the commandline and press [Enter]. With [F2] and/or [F3] you can see some of the most usefull cheatcodes.
The format is "kernel option option option ...". Usually "knoppix" is the right selection for the "kernel". You can type more than one cheatcode before pressing enter. Also note that some options can take on values. Example:
boot: knoppix mem=512 tz=America/Toronto
- testcd
- Have a look also at Check the ISO.
- If you cannot boot with the Knoppix CD/DVD and therefore you cannot use this cheatcode, then mount the CD/DVD within your OS and use
md5sum /dev/sr0
- Compare the value you get with the content of the KNOPPIX_V...iso.md5 file.
- noapic nolapic ...
- Skip parts of Hardware-detection, In case of a failing hardware autodetection, try booting with any of the "no-" options as shown in the table above, like in
boot: knoppix noagp noapm noapic nodma nopcmcia noscsi nousb
- to skip some critical parts of the autodetection system.
- noswap
- This option is useful for a forensic analysis without touching existing swap partitions.
- nofstab
- By default Knoppix will look/scan the harddrives to see if there are partitions. If the harddrives do have partitions, Knoppix will automatically build a '/etc/fstab'-file and fill-in the appropriate partition entries and will also create the '/mnt/sdxy' mount points. The "nofstab" cheat code prevents this look/scan and prevents the generation of the '/etc/fstab' and its mount points.
- nohwsetup
- Skip hardware detection (does not run hwsetup)
- noprompt
- Its especially useful in combination with "noeject". With "noprompt", Knopix won't eject the CD and ask for a keypress.
- nodhcp
- skip dhcp/network broadcast detection
- tohd
- You can do a "Poor man's install" on vfat and ext-Partitions.
- fromhd
- With this cheatcode the CD-Roms are ignored, so you can finally boot your "Poor man's install".
- toram
- Knoppix will load the contents of the CD into RAM and run from there. After boot up, the CD can be removed and the cd drive will be available for other uses.
- Note: Because this will take up a lot of RAM, it is recommended for those with at least 8 GB of RAM (2 GB for CD version). Cheatcode "toram" and "fromhd" work now together.
- Just remember to use "knoppix64 toram" for the DVD version, if you want to copy the entire 4.1 GB into your ramdisk, since the "knoppix" keyword would be the 32bit kernel, which can't handle memory addressing larger than 4GB.
- bootfrom
- Access Image then boot from previously copied CD-Image (enables booting from NTFS / ReiserFS). After boot up, the CD can be removed.
- Note: "bootfrom" needs access to a running Knoppix-System with the same Kernel as the Bootkernel, before it is able to mount the 'partition/ISO-Image'. This should allow a "Poor man's install" from NTFS-partitions and makes it also possible to boot an ISO-Image directly; so you can test remastered Knoppix iso files before committing to a burn.
- expert
- Interactive setup for experts, The "expert" mode provides a very simple and not yet well tested interface to loading additional Kernel modules from floppy disks (ext2 or vfat), plus interactive configuration of mouse/keyboard/soundcard/xserver. "expert" mode supports the same boot options as "knoppix".
- memtest
- Run memtest86 instead of Knoppix.
- debug
- Pauses at various stages in the boot and shutdown processes. Type 'exit' to move on to the next stage.
- nostartsound
- (not documented Cheatcode) supress startup and shutdown sound. It is not available any longer within V7.6.0. If you want to suppress these sounds, you have to rename '/usr/share/sounds/startup.ogg' and '...shutdown.ogg.
Micro-Remastering
Boot options like "adriane" can easily be preset by changing '/mnt-system/boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg' after having copied the CD to a bootable memorystick using "Knoppix => Install KNOPPIX to flash disk": Change the upper line
DEFAULT knoppix
to:
DEFAULT adriane
for automatically starting ADRIANE on boot. This is already default in all ADRIANE iso files.
To change other boot options look within the file 'syslinux.cfg' for the LABEL line of the way you always start with Knoppix. If you for example always use "knoppix" (and not "knoppix64") then look for "LABEL knoppix". Don't change the following KERNEL line but insert additional or change existent cheatcodes within the APPEND line. An example:
LABEL knoppix KERNEL linux APPEND ramdisk_size=100000 lang=en keyboard=es xkeyboard=es apm=power-off ...
- Note: If you are using Knoppix 64 bit, you have also to change the settings within '/mnt-system/boot/syslinux/syslnx32.cfg' and '/mnt-system/boot/syslinux/syslnx64.cfg'
Tips & Tricks
Download Knoppix
- Using Torrents
Download the wanted .torrent-file. After this start your Torrent client (for example Transmission) and open the .torrent-file with it.
Have a look also at Bitorrent
- From the mirrors
Search at one of the Knoppix mirrors for the last version of Knoppix and download it with also its corresponding "...md5" und "...md5.asc" files. In our example:
KNOPPIX_V7.0.5CD-2012-12-21-EN.iso
KNOPPIX_V7.0.5CD-2012-12-21-EN.iso.md5
KNOPPIX_V7.0.5CD-2012-12-21-EN.iso.md5.asc
- KNOPPIX_V7.0.5CD-2012-12-21-DE.iso is the german language version.
- ADRIANE_KNOPPIX_V7.0.5CD-2012-12-21-EN.iso is a special version for blind peoples.
Check the ISO
- To prevent trouble while install Knoppix to flash disk or harddrive, check the integrity of the download.
If you've downloaded your Knoppix using the Torrents, you don't need to test integrity with md5sum. This will be done automatically by your Torrent client.
The checksum "md5sum" is used in order to verify that the file downloaded from the mirrors is perfect and not corrupt. Change to the download directory, where your KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso download is and the download of the KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso.md5 file. After this use
md5sum -c KNOPPIX_V...EN.iso.md5
Use CD/DVD without burning it
Have a look at Test without burning a CD
Exclude forgery
If there is ever an uncertainty as whether or not the ISO image file and its accompanying MD5 file are originals & untampered, then the .asc files are important. The .asc files are digital signature messages.
Look for the public key of Klaus Knopper:
gpg --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net--search-keys "Klaus Knopper"
You'll get the message:
gpg: directory `/home/knoppix/.gnupg' created gpg: new configuration file `/home/knoppix/.gnupg/gpg.conf' created gpg: WARNING: options in `/home/knoppix/.gnupg/gpg.conf' are not yet active during this run gpg: keyring `/home/knoppix/.gnupg/secring.gpg' created gpg: keyring `/home/knoppix/.gnupg/pubring.gpg' created gpg: searching for "Klaus Knopper" from hkp server subkeys.pgp.net (1) Klaus Knopper <knopper@linuxtag.de> Klaus Knopper <knopper@linuxtag.org> 1024 bit RSA key BA8F038D, created: 2000-05-09 (2) Klaus Knopper <info@knopper.net> Klaus Knopper <knopper@knopper.net> Klaus Knopper <knoppix@knopper.net> 1024 bit DSA key 57E37087, created: 2000-05-06 (3) Klaus Knopper <knopper@unix-ag.uni-kl.de> 1024 bit RSA key D3892431, created: 1996-02-11 Keys 1-3 of 3 for "Klaus Knopper". Enter number(s), N)ext, or Q)uit >
- Select "2":
gpg: requesting key 57E37087 from hkp server subkeys.pgp.net gpg: /home/knoppix/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created gpg: key 57E37087: public key "Klaus Knopper <knopper@knopper.net>" imported gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found gpg: Total number processed: 1 gpg: imported: 1
Klaus Knopper has signed the "...md5" file with his secret key; we can verify this:
gpg --verify KNOPPIX_V7.0.5CD-2012-12-21-EN.iso.md5.asc
and get:
gpg: Signature made Sat 22 Dec 2012 01:46:55 AM CET using DSA key ID 57E37087 gpg: Good signature from "Klaus Knopper <knopper@knopper.net>" gpg: aka "Klaus Knopper <info@knopper.net>" gpg: aka "Klaus Knopper <knoppix@knopper.net>" gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner. Primary key fingerprint: 0E57 3DA0 F139 69EF 1DD5 ACAA 3798 E3D7 57E3 7087
Look at md5sum for more informations.
Cannot boot
If you are unable to boot Knoppix (i.e. the screen goes blank, you see a kernel panic message, the screen flickers, you are dropped into a minimal shell, Knoppix simply freezes while booting, etc.), try these boot commands in order:
- boot: knoppix vga=0
- boot: knoppix acpi=off pnpbios=off noapic noapm
Helpful for laptops
- boot: knoppix vga=0 debug
Using this boot command will cause Knoppix to pause at various stages in the boot process. Just type 'exit' at each shell prompt to move on to the next stage. You will know that you are at the final stage when you get the message:
INIT: Entering runlevel: 3
If you get that far, type 'init 5' to go into graphics mode.
- boot: failsafe debug
That will do the same as the previous boot command, except turn off most of the hardware detection.
If you still have issues, please post in the Hardware & Booting forum, tell us which of the above boot commands you tried, and how far in the boot process you were able to get.
Troubleshooting
Most of the boot options are parsed by different programs and scripts during the booting process, roughly in this order:
- the isolinux bootloader
- the linux kernel
- "init", which can be found in /mnt-system/boot/isolinux/minirt.gz -> init
- /etc/init.d/knoppix-autoconfig
- /etc/init.d/knoppix-startx
- /etc/X11/Xsession.d/45knoppix
- /etc/init.d/knoppix-halt
For more information on passing boot parameters to the kernel, see 'man boot' and 'man bootparam'.
Security considerations
from Knoppix CD/DVD
SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR KNOPPIX ==================================== 1.) There is no automatic start of external accessible services. 2.) There are no default passwords. All accounts are locked by default. Even local logins are not possible (unless you set a password or create new user accounts as root). 3.) Therefore, all local interactive processes are started by init without authorization. The graphical desktop is started with the unprivileged user id "knoppix". Programs that only work for root are started using sudo without password. This has the advantage of making faults caused by defective software very unlikely, but does not enhance local security, since it is fairly easy to switch between the "knoppix" and "root" account. The knoppix user should never be allowed for external logins (in the case that sshd or similar servers are being launched). 4.) You can create valid passwords using "sudo passwd [username]" from the Shell, individually.